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The ''Prior Analytics'' (; (ラテン語:Analytica Priora)) is Aristotle's work on deductive reasoning, which is known as his syllogistic. Being one of the six extant Aristotelian writings on logic and scientific method, it is part of what later Peripatetics called the ''Organon''. Modern work on Aristotle's logic builds on the tradition started in 1951 with the establishment by Jan Lukasiewicz of a revolutionary paradigm. The Jan Lukasiewicz approach was reinvigorated in the early 1970s in a series of papers by John Corcoran and Timothy Smiley—which inform modern translations of ''Prior Analytics'' by Robin Smith in 1989 and Gisela Striker in 2009.〔 *Review of "Aristotle, Prior Analytics: Book I, Gisela Striker (translation and commentary), Oxford UP, 2009, 268pp., $39.95 (pbk), ISBN 978-0-19-925041-7." in the ''Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews'', (2010.02.02 ).〕 The term "analytics" comes from the Greek words ἀναλυτός (''analutos'' “solvable”) and ἀναλύω (''analuo'' "to solve", literally "to loose"). However, in Aristotle's corpus, there are distinguishable differences in the meaning of ἀναλύω and its cognates. There is also the possibility that Aristotle may have borrowed his use of the word "analysis" from his teacher Plato. On the other hand, the meaning that best fits the ''Analytics'' is one derived from the study of Geometry and this meaning is very close to what Aristotle calls έπιστήμη ''episteme'', knowing the reasoned facts. Therefore, Analysis is the process of finding the reasoned facts. Aristotle's ''Prior Analytics'' represents the first time in history when Logic is scientifically investigated. On those grounds alone, Aristotle could be considered the Father of Logic for as he himself says in ''Sophistical Refutations'', "... When it comes to this subject, it is not the case that part had been worked out before in advance and part had not; instead, nothing existed at all." A problem in meaning arises in the study of ''Prior Analytics'' for the word "syllogism" as used by Aristotle in general does not carry the same narrow connotation as it does at present; Aristotle defines this term in a way that would apply to a wide range of valid arguments. Some scholars prefer to use the word "deduction" instead as the meaning given by Aristotle to the Greek word συλλογισμός ''sullogismos''. At present, "syllogism" is used exclusively as the method used to reach a conclusion which is really the narrow sense in which it is used in the Prior Analytics dealing as it does with a much narrower class of arguments closely resembling the "syllogisms" of traditional logic texts: two premises followed by a conclusion each of which is a categorial sentence containing all together three terms, two extremes which appear in the conclusion and one middle term which appears in both premises but not in the conclusion. In the ''Analytics'' then, ''Prior Analytics'' is the first theoretical part dealing with the science of deduction and the ''Posterior Analytics'' is the second demonstratively practical part. ''Prior Analytics'' gives an account of deductions in general narrowed down to three basic syllogisms while ''Posterior Analytics'' deals with demonstration. In the Prior Analytics, Aristotle defines syllogism as "... A deduction in a discourse in which, certain things being supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so." In modern times, this definition has led to a debate as to how the word "syllogism" should be interpreted. Scholars Jan Lukasiewicz, Józef Maria Bocheński and Günther Patzig have sided with the Protasis-Apodosis dichotomy while John Corcoran prefers to consider a syllogism as simply a deduction. In the third century AD, Alexander of Aphrodisias's commentary on the ''Prior Analytics'' is the oldest extant and one of the best of the ancient tradition and is available in the English language. In the sixth century, Boethius composed the first known Latin translation of the ''Prior Analytics''. No Westerner between Boethius and Bernard of Utrecht is known to have read the ''Prior Analytics''. The so-called ''Anonymus Aurelianensis III'' from the second half of the twelfth century is the first extant Latin commentary, or rather fragment of a commentary. == The syllogism == The ''Prior Analytics'' represents the first formal study of logic, where logic is understood as the study of arguments. An argument is a series of true or false statements which lead to a true or false conclusion. In the ''Prior Analytics'', Aristotle identifies valid and invalid forms of arguments called syllogisms. A syllogism is an argument that consists of at least three sentences: at least two premises and a conclusion. Although Aristotles does not call them "categorical sentences," tradition does; he deals with them briefly in the ''Analytics'' and more extensively in ''On Interpretation''. Each proposition (statement that is a thought of the kind expressible by a declarative sentence) of a syllogism is a categorical sentence which has a subject and a predicate connected by a verb. The usual way of connecting the subject and predicate of a categorical sentence as Aristotle does in ''On Interpretation'' is by using a linking verb e.g. P is S. However, in the Prior Analytics Aristotle rejects the usual form in favor of three of his inventions: 1) P belongs to S, 2) P is predicated of S and 3) P is said of S. Aristotle does not explain why he introduces these innovative expressions but scholars conjecture that the reason may have been that it facilitates the use of letters instead of terms avoiding the ambiguity that results in Greek when letters are used with the linking verb. In his formulation of syllogistic propositions, instead of the copula ("All/some... are/are not..."), Aristotle uses the expression, "... belongs to/does not belong to all/some..." or "... is said/is not said of all/some..." There are four different types of categorical sentences: universal affirmative (A), particular affirmative (I), universal negative (E) and particular negative (O). *A 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Prior Analytics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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